What are Unicasting, Anycasting, Multicasting and Broadcasting?
If the message is sent from a source to a single destination node, it is called Unicasting. This is typically done in networks.
If the message is sent from a source to any of the given destination nodes. This is used a lot in Content delivery Systems where we want to get content from any server.
If the message is sent to some subset of other nodes, it is called Multicasting. Used in the situation when there are multiple receivers of the same data. Like video conferencing, updating something on CDN servers which have a replica of same data.
If the message is sent to all the nodes in a network it is called Broadcasting. This is typically used in Local networks, for examples DHCP and ARP use broadcasting.
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What are layers in OSI model?
There are a total of 7 layers
1. Physical Layer
2. Data Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application Layer
What is Stop-and-Wait Protocol?
In Stop and wait protocol, a sender after sending a frame waits for an acknowledgment of the frame and sends the next frame only when acknowledgment of the frame has received.
What is Piggybacking?
Piggybacking is used in bi-directional data transmission in the network layer (OSI model). The idea is to improve the efficiency. Piggyback acknowledgment (of the received data) is hooked on the data frame (to be sent) instead of sending a separate frame.
Differences between Hub, Switch and Router?
| Hub | Switch | Router |
| Physical Layer Device | Data Link Layer Device | Network Layer Device |
| Simply repeats signal to all ports | Doesn’t simply repeat, but filters content by MAC or LAN address | Routes data based on IP address |
| Connects devices within a single LAN | Can connect multiple sub-LANs within a single LAN | Connect multiple LANS and WANS together. |
| Collision domain of all hosts connected through Hub remains one. i.e., if signal sent by any two devices can collide. | Switch divides collision domain, but broadcast domain of connected devices remains same. | It divides both collision and broadcast domains, |
See network devices for more details.
Cs2363 Computer Networks Important Questions Answers
What happens when you type a URL in the web browser?
A URL may contain a request to HTML, image file or any other type.
- If the content of the typed URL is in the cache and fresh, then display the content.
- Else find the IP address for the domain so that a TCP connection can be set up. Browser does a DNS lookup.
- Browser needs to know the IP address for a URL so that it can set up a TCP connection. This is why browser needs DNS service. The browser first looks for URL-IP mapping browser cache, then in OS cache. If all caches are empty, then it makes a recursive query to the local DNS server. The local DNS server provides the IP address.
- Browser sets up a TCP connection using three-way handshake.
- Browser sends a HTTP request.
- Server has a web server like Apache, IIS running that handles incoming HTTP request and sends an HTTP response.
- Browser receives the HTTP response and renders the content.
What is DHCP, how does it work?
- The idea of DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is to enable devices to get IP address without any manual configuration.
- The device sends a broadcast message saying “I am new here”
- The DHCP server sees the message and responds back to the device and typically allocates an IP address. All other devices on network ignore the message of the new device as they are not DHCP server.
In Wi-Fi networks, Access Points generally work as a DHCP server.
What is ARP, how does it work?
ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. ARP is used to find LAN address from the Network address. A node typically has destination IP to send a packet, the nodes need link layer address to send a frame over a local link. The ARP protocol helps here.
- The node sends a broadcast message to all nodes saying what is the MAC address of this IP address.
- Node with the provided IP address replies with the MAC address.
Like DHCP, ARP is a discovery protocol, but unlike DHCP there is not server here.
Practice Quizzes for Networking
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